Exploring Jackfruit: A Game Changer for Barbeque Lovers
Intro
As culinary interest broadens towards plant-based options, few ingredients have captured the imagination quite like jackfruit. This versatile fruit has found its way into numerous dishes, and barbecue is no exception. It beckons to those looking for exciting ways to integrate healthy choices without losing the enjoyment of traditional flavors. With its unique texture and ability to absorb spices, jackfruit offers an impressive canvas for barbeque enthusiasts eager for innovation. In the following sections, we will explore the specific elements that make jackfruit an ideal alternative protein source in BBQ preparations, from ingredients and methods to troubleshooting tips to ensure success.
Ingredients:
To create a delightful BBQ jackfruit dish, you will need the following ingredients:
- 2 cans young green jackfruit in brine or water, not in syrup (approximately 20 ounces total)
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 medium onion, chopped
- 4 cloves garlic, minced
- 1 teaspoon ground cumin
- 1 teaspoon smoked paprika
- 1/2 teaspoon chili powder
- 1 cup vegetable broth
- 1 cup BBQ sauce (look for your favorite brand or homemade recipe)
- Salt and pepper, to taste
- Buns or flatbreads, for serving (optional)
- Pickles and coleslaw, for garnish (optional)
Detailed Instructions:
Preparation Steps:
- Rinse and Drain Jackfruit: Open the cans of jackfruit. Rinse thoroughly under cold water to remove excess brine and drain well.
- Shred the Jackfruit: Using your hands or two forks, shred the jackfruit. Focus on pulling apart the tougher sections, leaving smaller pieces for texture. Discard seeds and very large pieces.
- Sauté Vegetables: Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add chopped onion and sauté until translucent, about 3-5 minutes. Then, add minced garlic and cook for an additional 1-2 minutes until fragrant.
- Add Spices and Jackfruit: Stir in cumin, smoked paprika, chili powder, salt, and pepper. Add the shredded jackfruit and mix thoroughly to coat in the oil and spices.
- Deglaze with Broth: Pour in the vegetable broth. Stir well and let it simmer for about 10 minutes on low heat, allowing the vegetation to absorb flavors.
- Incorporate BBQ Sauce: After simmering, stir in the BBQ sauce until the jackfruit is well covered. Continue to cook for another 5-10 minutes, letting it warm through.
Technical Aspects:
- Temperature Settings: Maintain medium heat for sautéing; low heat for simmering.
- Timing Specifics: Total preparation should take about 25-30 minutes, including shredding.
Cooking Process:
Sequential Steps:
- Heat Oven or Grill: Preheat your oven to 375°F (190°C) or prepare your grill for indirect heat.
- Transfer Jackfruit Mixture: Place the BBQ jackfruit in a baking dish or directly on a grill-safe pan, ensuring an even layer.
- Bake/Grill: Cook uncovered for about 15-20 minutes until slightly caramelized.
Troubleshooting Tips:
- If jackfruit is too dry: Add more vegetable broth or BBQ sauce.
- If too spicy: Serve with a creamy coleslaw to balance flavors.
- For uneven cooking: Stir occasionally and keep an eye on caramelization states.
With these steps, every element sets within an encompassing understanding of jackfruit's culinary potential during barbeques. Tailoring cooking practices can lead to dishes bursting with flavor and textural complexities, providing not only a plant-based alternative but also a delicious yes meal that impresses even meat lovers.
Prologue to Jackfruit as a Culinary Ingredient
Jackfruit is increasingly recognized as a versatile ingredient in barbeque preparations. It serves as a compelling option, particularly for those adopting plant-based diets. Not only does it provide a satisfying alternative to traditional meats, but it also offers numerous nutritional benefits that appeal to a health-conscious audience.
What is Jackfruit?
Jackfruit is a tropical fruit that belongs to the fig family. It is notable for its large size, often weighing up to 80 pounds. The exterior of the jackfruit is rough and spiky, while the interior contains fibrous flesh, seeds, and vibrant yellow fruit pods. When unripe, its texture resembles pulled pork and absorbs flavors remarkably well, which positions it uniquely in barbeque applications. It is commonly found in South and Southeast Asia, where its culinary uses are well-established.
Nutritional Benefits of Jackfruit
Vitamins and Minerals
Jackfruit is rich in vitamins such as vitamin A, C, and several B-complex vitamins. These nutrients contribute to a robust immune system, healthy skin, and energy production. Also, jackfruit contains minerals like potassium and magnesium, which are vital for maintaining electrolyte balance and proper muscle function. Specifically, potassium aids in lowering blood pressure and improving heart health. Thus, incorporating jackfruit into BBQ dishes can enhance their nutritional value significantly.
Caloric Profile
The caloric content of jackfruit is quite favorable. A serving typically contains around 95 calories, making it a weight-friendly choice. It is relatively low in fat, which is another aspect that renders it suitable for those looking to reduce their fat intake. Furthermore, its carbohydrate composition mainly comprises natural sugars and fiber, providing a source of energy without heavy caloric costs.
Digestive Health
Jackfruit is also an excellent source of dietary fiber, promoting digestive health. Fiber aids in preventing constipation and supports a healthy gut microbiome. As a result, including jackfruit in barbecue menus does not simply bolster the flavor but becomes an important ingredient for maintaining digestive wellness. Its fibrous nature mimics the mouthfeel of meat, allowing it to serve effectively as a meat substitute in diverse culinary contexts.
The versatility of jackfruit makes it a smart choice for plant-based barbeque creations, marrying nutrition and flavor in one wonderful ingredient.
The Role of Jackfruit in Plant-Based Diets
Jackfruit has become increasingly important in modern plant-based diets. Many consumers seek alternatives to meat due to health, environmental, and ethical reasons. Let's explore how jackfruit serves as a satisfying and nutritious substitute for traditional BBQ offerings.
Substitute for Meat in BBQ
Texture and Consistency
One of the primary reasons jackfruit is regarded as a favorable substitute for meat in barbeque is its texture. Mature jackfruit has a fibrous consistency, resembling shredded meat when cooked. This key characteristic allows it to absorb marinades and sauces effectively, thus making it an attractive option for versatile BBQ dishes.
The unique feature of jackfruit's texture also provides a mouthfeel comparable to pulled pork or shredded chicken. When prepared properly, the fibrous bundles of jackfruit can mimic the satisfaction that comes from a meat-centric meal, making it a beneficial choice for those transitioning to a plant-based diet.
Flavor Absorption
Jackfruit's ability to absorb flavors can enhance any barbeque dish it is part of. This key aspect allows it to take on a variety of spices and impart rich taste to the dish. With the right seasoning, jackfruit can resemble the savory culinary satisfaction traditionally provided by meat.
Moreover, jackfruit's neutral taste, coupled with its porous structure, enables it to soak up marinades effectively. Among the advantages to this feature is its versatility; it can easily adapt to both regional flavors and various BBQ styles, from tangy southern sauces to spicy Asian blends. This capacity is increasingly appreciated in contemporary culinary practices and supports the goal of creating an enjoyable plant-based BBQ experience.
Cultural Context
Traditional Uses of Jackfruit
In many cultures, jackfruit has long served as a staple food. It has been used in a range of traditional dishes across regions. Regions in South and Southeast Asia widely feature jackfruit in their meals, using both ripe and unripe varieties. This important historical presence underscores its role as a major vegetarian protein source.
Traditional uses are beneficial as they offer insights into various cooking techniques and diversity in flavors, often underscoring the cultural significance of non-meat dishes. Incorporating these traditional perspectives enriches the culinary landscape of jackfruit BBQ.
Global Popularity of Jackfruit BBQ
The growing popularity of jackfruit in global cuisines showcases its adaptability and potential as a meat alternative in barbeque preparations. Its newfound presence in restaurants and home kitchens reflects a trend towards more sustainable eating practices.
Jackfruit BBQ gains interest from communities who seek both healthful plant-based options while enjoying the camaraderie often associated with BBQ events. These cultural trends towards meat alternatives also promote awareness around environmental issues tied to meat production. This exploration indicates a willingness to embed jackfruit BBQ into food culture, bolstering its appeal as a socio-economic food choice while expanding global culinary practices.
Preparing Jackfruit for BBQ
In the culinary world, preparing jackfruit for BBQ is fundamental for achieving the desired flavor and texture. It allows the fruit’s unique properties to shine when integrated into various BBQ dishes. The preparation process not only ensures that the jackfruit becomes a hearty substitute for meats, but also enhances the overall dining experience. Understanding how to properly select, clean, and cut jackfruit improves the final dish’s execution.
Selecting the Right Jackfruit
Ripe vs.
Unripe Jackfruit
Choosing between ripe and unripe jackfruit is crucial. Ripe jackfruit is distinctly sweet and often served in desserts, yet for BBQ, unripe jackfruit is more common. This fruit expels plentiful fibrous flesh that mimics shredded pork or chicken in texture. The amazing characteristic of unripe jackfruit lies in its ability to absorb flavors from marinades and spices, giving it an incredibly versatile profile. Ripe jackfruit has a softer texture and even though it can be used creatively in some BBQ dishes, it won't deliver the same heartiness.
Buying Tips
When shopping for jackfruit, several buying tips can help in making the best choice. Look for firmness in unripe fruit, as this shows strength and ripe will feel softer. Avoid any glossy patches of the fruit, or any signs of mold indicating over-ripeness. In markets, fresh or canned jackfruit is often available, the former usually offering superior texture. Buying tips focus on quality ingredients as this will heavily influence the flavor in your BBQ dishes.
Cleaning and Cutting Techniques
Removing the Skin
Removing the skin from jackfruit is an essential process before any cooking. The skin is tough and not edible, making it necessary to use a sharp knife. This element of preparation offers vital bite-sized portions by reaching the fruit's flesh beneath the skin. After rinsing the jackfruit, it is simpler to handle, and the risk of tearing rises when using substandard tools. This technique assists in maintaining a clean, efficient workspace and cushioning hands from sticky sap produced during the process.
Extracting the Flesh
Extracting the flesh in precise manner is crucial to enable the fibrous part of the fruit to blend in with the BBQ recipes well. Scholars often inform that the unique characteristics of jackfruit flesh actually resemble meat-like textures. Cut the fruit into manageable sections first, making recovery of flesh easier. This step merits patience, as achieving shredded pieces helps structure towards finishing the BBQ ever more flavorfully. Always ensure the use of gloves, as jackfruit sap can be messy, disrupting the sauce or flavor intended for the dish.
Important Note: The more effort put into the preparation, the better the final BBQ dish with jackfruit. Frequent discussions highlight the need for repetition in these techniques to reveal expertise.
Cooking Techniques for Jackfruit BBQ
Cooking jackfruit effectively requires understanding different methods suitable for this unique ingredient. The right technique not only enhances flavor but also brings out the fruit's texture. Grilling, smoking, and slow cooking are the most prominent methods. Each technique offers its advantages, contributing to the culinary potential of jackfruit in barbecue preparations.
Grilling Jackfruit
Temperature Control
Temperature control is vital when grilling jackfruit. This ingredient has a distinctive texture that can become mushy if subjected to excessive heat. A medium heat setting is generally best, allowing the fruit to cook evenly without becoming overly soft. By managing temperature, one can achieve a desirable char that enhances its flavor.
The key characteristic of temperature control here lies in its balancing act. It is both simple and effective, allowing flexible adjustments based on grill type and jackfruit preparation. A disadvantage might include the need for constant monitoring, especially for beginner cooks. The practice, however, rewards them with perfectly grilled jackfruit that can stand as a meat substitute in BBQ.
Recommended Timeframes
Timing is also crucial when grilling jackfruit. Typically, grilling will take from 15 to 30 minutes, depending on thickness and heat. During this time, it is essential to turn it occasionally. This action ensures every side captures those rich grill marks and flavors.
A distinctive factor here is the aesthetic and texture transformation that occurs within moments. Observing closely can assist in getting just the right amount of grill without burning or dryness. Overcooking could yield a chewy result that doesn't replicate meat's tenderness well. Mastering timeframes promises consistency across various cooking sessions, making the technique beneficial for all BBQ enthusiasts.
Smoking as a Technique
Wood Choice
A vital part of smoking jacksfruit involves wood choice. Different types offer varied flavors; hickory, mesquite, and applewood each contribute unique tastes. Hickory offers robustness to jackfruit, enriching its assertiveness while maintaining meat-like qualities. Mesquite delivers a sharper kick that pairs wonderfully with spiciness in other ingredients. Applewood brings out a subtle sweetness, providing a more nuanced profile.
The uniqueness of wood choice is its versatility, complemeted by varying desired flavors. Therefore, knowing which harmonizes with your other ingredients will expand the culinary horizon when preparing BBQ jackfruit. Yet daring choices might also risk overpowering jackfruit's intrinsic flavor.
Infusion of Flavors
The infusion of flavors is an exciting aspect of smoking jackfruit. When smoking, the process enhances the taste considerably. It works two ways: directly as the smoke interacts with the fruit, and indirectly denoting the intergral spices or herbs used in itself. For instance, marinated jackfruit can gain increased depth and complexity of flavor, appealing to sophisticated palates that crave layered sensations.
A distinctive selection framed around this technique is unpredictably delightful. However, over-infusion can easily result autoimmune bombastic or mutany flavors which dulness influences. Maintaining balance is essential, offering layers without masking the additional taste.
Slow Cooking Methods
Using a Slow Cooker
A slow cooker is perfect for making jackfruit more tender while allowing flavors to develop richly. Generally used for hours, this method effectively breaks down tough portions, ideal for both unripe and ripe jackfruit. Besides convenience, utilizing a slow cooker also frees homecooks to pursue other tasks while food cooks gently.
The predominant aspect of this method is its low and steady heat, which prevents burning. This choice suits busy lifestyles, offering an accessible path for delicious BBQ while attenuating plate wastage.
Despite advantages, the slow cooker method does face one issue: extended time to achieve readiness could dissuade instant gratification seekers. Cognizant cooks recognize that patience results in flavors that develop in richness.
Braised Jackfruit
Braised jackfruit takes slow cooking further by incorporating both dry and liquid heat for giving flavor depth incomparable to quick methods. The initial sauté builds notes in the base of the dish, sealing scent without locking out moisture. Ultimately, pairing jackfruit with various rich sauces introduces a magnitude of tastes that engage eater satisfactions on numerous levels.
A key characteristic of braised jackfruit is moisture retention. By leveraging gradual braising, the fruit retains shape while piecing together bite’s melting nature, promoting a serious taste experience. Some disadvantage includes the requirement of preparing a sauce concurrently, which might present challenges to novice cooks unfamilliar with layering non-dominant flavors
Flavor Profiles and Marinades for Jackfruit BBQ
The selection of spices and marinades plays a crucial role in enhancing the appeal of jackfruit BBQ dishes. Jackfruit has a relatively mild flavor, making it an adaptable canvas. The right combinations can elevate its taste, bringing out richness that mimics traditional meat. Flavor profiles imbue complexity and pleasure, which is essential in any successful meal.
Creating a delightful experience often hinges on these flavor enhancements. Both spicy and sweet ingredients can uniquely complement jackfruit. Moreover, inherited textures from the cooking methods should be balanced with essential flavors in tailor-made approaches.
Best Spice Combinations
Spicy and Sweet Balances
Finding the right mixture between spicy and sweet is significant in variados jackfruit dishes. This balance can create complexity that tantalizes the palate. Key characteristic of this blend lies in its dual approach. It harnesses the heat from peppers or spices while countering with sugars, enhancing the overall flavor in a pleasing way.
This profile is a popular choice in this context because it invites vibrant contrasts, essential for nicking the attention of discerning tastes. The sweetness temperature softens the spice, all packing harmony in one dish. A unique point about the spicy and sweet fusion is its versatility across different culinary styles.
One potential disadvantage includes challenges in achieving a proper equilibrium. Too much sweetness may overshadow subtle heat, or the reverse may occur. Consequently, measurement is critical yarning enjoys the full-round flavor experience.
Herbs and Aromatics
Incorporating herbs and aromatics offers depth and freshness to Jackfruit BBQ. The overlaying flavor characteristics of these natural ingredients enhance the jackfruit further. Herbs, primarily, can contribute bright and vibrant notes, creating a lighter dish even while grilled. They are commonly used seasonings around the globe.
This choice is proven to enliven dishes and makes the sustenance appealing with characteristics like grassy or floral tones. It's beneficial for enhancing aromas, keeping the fragments creamy too cancellation lines. However, one unique feature is the overwhelming Powerfrom some herbs. For example, poetic use of rosemary can be startling if excessive. Therefore, being attentive to balance is important ensuring desired outcomes.
Marinade Recipes
Traditional BBQ Marinade
The Traditional BBQ Marinade embodies embers and nostalgia of conventional methods employed in anglo-saxon regions. Utilizing natural sugars and a smoked profile allows jackfruit to nap on depth and nostalgia of edges on various side selections. The balance often leans toward tangy components, fusing sweet and sour together.
The key feature lies in its intuitive ability to complement grilled elements, giving Jackfruit a taste of.come. It's readily recognizable and preferred in various gatherings-around grill setups culture. One unique aspect is applicable switch abilities produce not merely Jackfruit but matching seasons routinely.
However, for an unison flavor say ostentatious worlds or environment, traditional marinades can yield predictable charts if not customized— presenting an interesting point on typically auditory miss to navigation.
Asian-Inspired Marinade
This marinade unleashes bathrooms blending of flavors samma gatherings in diverse sev lenses infused in spice charts. It emblazons influences coming from soy sauces, ginger, and sesame oils. The vibrant feedback of these nuances enhances the subtleness in jackfruit cooking. Rather City-like grooves will capture favor of life enjoyed to its heart.
Asian-Inspired marinade presents a key feature in its travel sensual treasure-touched aesthetics. Popularity and rise in snacking creations lead it’s naturally an exhilarated unity soaking flavor far and wide. However, the sweet tones there creep in reflectionating profiles may insecurity stand to procarning originality when attempting to match several subtlety notes during preparation.
"The ultimate goal of any culinary pursuit is balance, layering flavors in harmonizing elements most anyone feasibly longing. Jackfruit may appear shy at first, brightens only after rightful attention. Embrace cavort brings unknown hues of influence learning stupors culinary essays.”
Serving Suggestions for Jackfruit BBQ Dishes
Serving suggestions play a vital role in enhancing the overall culinary experience of any dish. In the case of jackfruit BBQ dishes, these suggestions help balance the bold flavors and unique texture of jackfruit with complementary sides. The right sides not only elevate the meal but also invite conversation and connection around the dining table. When adequately paired, each component can harmonize, bringing the entire meal to life.
Selecting apt side dishes is crucial because it can make or break the perception of the main offering. When creating a barbeque setting centered around jackfruit, it’s essential to think creatively and integratively about what highlights its distinctive qualities. Given this, the next sections delve into two main categories of sides that align beautifully with jackfruit BBQ: salads and grains.
Complementary Side Dishes
Salads
Salads serve as a refreshing accompaniment to jackfruit BBQ, thereby contributing significant contrast to the meal. The crisp textures and the bright flavors in salads help cut through the richness of anything grilled, including the tender jackfruit. One of the key characteristics of a salad is its versatility. From a simple green salad to more complex combinations, there's a salad suitable for every palate, thereby confirming its popularity as a choice in this article.
A unique feature of salads is their ability to include a variety of seasonal vegetables and even fruits, thereby increasing the nutritional content significantly. For instance, a salad that includes chopped cucumber, tangy tomatoes, and a dash of lemon always adds a refreshing element. However, depending on the dressing, salads can quickly become heavy. Finding a good balance between freshness and richness is essential to keep the meal enjoyable.
Grains
Grains offer another way to create harmony with jackfruit BBQ, acting as both a filler and a flavor complement. They add substance to the meal, providing a solid base that works well with jackfruit's chewy texture. High in fiber and essential nutrients, grains help make the meal more balanced, supporting the aims of this article. One distinguishing aspect is the variety of grains available—quinoa, rice, and couscous all provide diverse options depending on the preferred overall flavor profile.
The advantage of grains is their ability to absorb flavors. This can further enhance the taste experience. On the downside, some grains may take longer to prepare, which can be inconvenient when hosting. However, pre-cooked options are available, making them more accessible. Therefore, grains present both a suitable addition and a logistical consideration regarding meal prep.
Presentation Tips
Focusing on effective presentation is key to drawing attention to jackfruit BBQ dishes. Arranging elements neatly on a plate enhances visual appeal. Lack of care can detract from an otherwise beautifully executed dish. One effective tip is to use contrasting colors—pairing the rich vanillla color of jackfruit with vibrant salad greens or grains can attractively elevate plating.
In summary, thoughtful serving suggestions enhance the dining experience by adding complementary elements that can either brighten or ground the flavors within barbecue dishes. Balancing freshness through salads and the heartiness of grains offers both dynamic contrasts and sustained satisfaction in juckfruit-powered dishes.
Environmental and Ethical Considerations
The rise in popularity of plant-based diets has necessitated discussions around the environmental and ethical components of food production. Jackfruit emerges as a strong contender in this dialogue, particularly for barbeque preparations. As savvy home cooks can attest, making conscious choices about ingredients not only impacts personal health but also reflects a larger commitment to sustainability and ethical sontact.
Sustainability of Jackfruit Production
Jackfruit is not just nutritious; it is also an environmentally friendly option. Unlike meat, which often requires large quantities of resources like water, land, and feed, jackfruit thrives with relatively low inputs. In climates suitable for its growth, it can flourish in various environments without heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers or intrusive agricultural practices. Here are key positive points on jackfruit's sustainability:
- Water Efficiency: Jackfruit consumes less water compared to traditional livestock farming practices.
- Biodiversity: Jackfruit trees provide habitats for various wildlife, supporting local ecosystems.
- Soil Health: The tree roots can improve soil structure and fertility over time, minimizing soil erosion.
- Carbon Sequestration: As a tree, jackfruit contributes to carbon absorption, which can help mitigate climate change.
By selecting jackfruit as a primary ingredient in barbeque dishes, consumers show preference for plants that leave less of an environmental footprint.
Ethical Implications of Meat Alternatives
Switching to meat alternatives like jackfruit also ignites debates surrounding ethics in food consumption. The moral landscape of eating is changing, where considerations extend beyond personal health to animal welfare and the very foundations of food systems. If meat consumption declines, the approach to yield healthy and diverse plant options represents a shift towards compassion for all living creatures. Important points to reflect upon include:
- Animal Welfare: Choosing jackfruit focuses on freeing animals from factory farm conditions where they endure poor living circumstances.
- Resource Allocation: Rethinking how we use land and resources can lead to more equitable food distribution scenarios, addressing hunger issues.
"Eating less meat can have a significant drop on global carbon emissions."
- Quality of Life: Emphasizing plant-based diets signals a stronger commitment to improving the quality of life not just for livestock, but for all beings.
Ending: The Future of Jackfruit in Barbeque Cuisine
The importance of jackfruit in barbeque cuisine extends beyond its appealing taste and texture; it symbolizes the growing trend toward sustainable and health-oriented food choices. As more individuals seek plant-based alternatives that offer both flavor and adequate protein, jackfruit emerges as a formidable player in this arena.
Trends in Plant-Based Eating
Recent years have clearly shown a surge in plant-based diets. This shift comes from a blend of health consciousness and environmental mindfulness among consumers. Research highlights how many seek to reduce their meat consumption for better health outcomes. A study from The Plant-Based Foods Association discusses the potential long-term benefits of replacing meat with plant foods. The shift does not simply lay in health benefits, it also resonates with ethical choices. Meat production is resource-intensive and contributes to greenhouse emissions. As these trends grow, jackfruit's versatility holds immense potential. It stands out not merely as an alternative but as a main attraction within barbeque foods. Furthermore, as people explore dietary options, easy accessibility to jackfruit products in markets reflects this evolution.
Jackfruit as a Staple Ingredient
Incorporating jackfruit into barbeque cuisine is more than a temporary trend; it exhibits much promise to become a staple ingredient in kitchens. The fruit's adaptability means it can effortlessly take on flavors from various sauces and spices, making it suitable for various cuisines. When prepared correctly, its texture mimics that of pulled pork or shredded chicken, catering to diverse palates.
Aside from culinary versatility, jackfruit provides a rich source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals which adds nutritional value to meals. Despite the enthusiasm surrounding meat alternatives, actual utilization of jackfruit requires proper knowledge about its preparation, seasoning, and cooking techniques. As more recipes and cooking resources focus on jackfruit, it reinforces its position as a must-try ingredient in modern barbecue.
Ultimately, the future of jackfruit in barbeque cuisine taps into wider health and sustainability conversations. Its role as a meat alternative shows how culinary choices can reflect deeper values. Assuredly, with trends favoring plant-based options, jackfruit may find its way into numerous barbeque recipes globally, fostering not just delectable dishes but also a more sustainable way of eating.
