Aubergine Parmigiana: A Culinary Masterpiece
Intro
Aubergine Parmigiana, a dish that sings of Italian roots, offers more than just a meal; it tells a story steeped in tradition and love for quality ingredients. Originating in Southern Italy, this recipe transforms simple aubergine into a delightful layer of flavors, showcasing how comfort food can also be refined. Whether you're reminiscing about a summer in Tuscany or cooking up a storm in your cozy kitchen, mastering Aubergine Parmigiana is akin to embracing a slice of Italian culture.
The dish impresses with its delightful contrast of textures – the soft, tender aubergine nestled among rich marinara and creamy cheese. It's a balancing act, one that requires skill and attention to detail. For the discerning palate, the allure lies not just in the taste, but also in the way the ingredients interact, creating a harmonic symphony that beckons to be savored.
As we journey through the intricacies of this beloved recipe, you will discover the subtleties that elevate this dish from ordinary to extraordinary. By the end, you will not only know how to prepare it but also appreciate the nuances that make Aubergine Parmigiana a truly sophisticated Italian classic.
Foreword to Aubergine Parmigiana
Aubergine Parmigiana is more than just a dish; it embodies a treasure trove of cultural heritage and culinary finesse. For those who venture into the kitchen to create this timeless classic, understanding its significance is like holding a key to the heart of Italian cooking. Not only does this recipe offer a harmonious blend of taste and texture, but it also invites the cook to engage in an age-old tradition that has been fine-tuned over generations.
Historical Background
The roots of Aubergine Parmigiana are steeped in the rich soils and vibrant communities of Southern Italy. While the exact origin is often debated, many scholars trace its beginnings back to Palermo in Sicily. Local legend suggests that the dish evolved from ancient recipes involving fried eggplant layered with meats and cheeses, a nod to Italy’s diverse culinary influences brought by various cultures over centuries.
Some historians argue that its name comes from the Sicilian word "parmiciana," which refers to the type of wood used in shutters that resemble the layers of the dish. This subtle connection highlights how language and food intertwine, adding depth to our understanding of its place in Italian cuisine.
As pasta dishes gained prominence, Aubergine Parmigiana carved its niche, offering a vegetarian counterpart that became a staple in Italian households. It’s said that during the post-war period, this dish gained even more popularity as families sought comfort in familiar flavors, often utilizing backyard gardens and local markets to source fresh ingredients. Today, it transcends borders, beloved by many around the world.
Cultural Relevance in Italian Cuisine
In Italy, food is intimately connected to identity and tradition. Aubergine Parmigiana stands out within this culinary tapestry, offering insights into regional differences and family values. It often appears on tables during family gatherings, especially on Sundays when meals stretch over hours, filled with laughter and shared stories. This dish symbolizes nurturing—the layers upon layers of ingredients reflect the layers of love and history enveloped in each serving.
Moreover, Aubergine Parmigiana is frequently seen at festivals and celebrations, evoking a sense of community and warmth. Its adaptability allows for variations in ingredients based on personal preferences, yet it remains anchored to tradition. The heart of Italian cooking embraces simplicity; hence each layer in the Parmigiana is a testament to the beauty of fresh produce, full of flavors that speak to the land where they are grown.
"Cooking is an act of love, and Aubergine Parmigiana is a beautiful reminder of that. It tells stories of community, festivals, and the essence of Southern Italian life."
Understanding Key Ingredients
To successfully prepare Aubergine Parmigiana, one must grasp the significance of the ingredients involved. Each component serves a purpose and adds to the overall flavor, texture, and authenticity of the dish. Understanding these key ingredients not only aids in making informed choices while cooking but also enhances the final result. This section dives into the particulars of the primary ingredients that make this classic Italian dish what it is.
Aubergine Varieties and Selection
When it comes to aubergines, the type you choose can alter the entire feel of your Parmigiana. Below are a few varieties worth considering:
Black Beauty
Black Beauty aubergines are what many people picture when they think of this ingredient. Their glossy, deep purple skin is visually appealing, and they typically have a smooth, tender flesh. This makes them easy to slice, and they soak up flavors from sauces while cooking. The mild taste allows for the other ingredients to shine.
However, one should keep in mind their tendency to absorb oil during cooking, which could lead to a greasier dish if overcooked.
Graffiti
Graffiti aubergines, with their striking white and purple striped skin, are often called the "darker horse" in the eggplant family. They have a slightly firmer texture when cooked and tend to retain their shape better in a layered dish like Parmigiana. This variety can offer a touch of sophistication to your dish, elevating it visually as well.
Despite their benefits, some cooks say they find Graffiti have a somewhat less creamy texture compared to their Black Beauty counterparts, which could make for a less indulgent mouthfeel.
Italian
Italian aubergines are smaller and more elongated than the common varieties, often packed with a slightly bolder flavor. Their meaty texture makes them well-suited for grilling and baking. In a traditional Parmigiana, they hold their own well amidst other ingredients, contributing to the dish’s depth.
However, some people may notice a somewhat bitter taste in certain specimens, so it's a good method to salt them before cooking.
The Role of Tomatoes
Tomatoes lie at the heart of this dish, providing acidity and sweetness, which balance the richness of the cheese and aubergines. Let's explore the varieties:
San Marzano
These tomatoes are held in high esteem, particularly for sauces. Grown in the volcanic soil of the San Marzano region in Italy, they boast a robust flavor that's sweet yet slightly tangy. Their meaty texture creates a sauce that clings beautifully to the aubergines, enhancing every bite of Parmigiana.
San Marzano tomatoes are known for their lower water content, which means less cooking time to turn them into a sauce. However, these tomatoes can be pricey and might not be available in every grocery store.
Canned vs Fresh
When debating between fresh or canned tomatoes, some cooks might lean toward convenience. Canned tomatoes often have a consistent quality and taste, especially during off-seasons. They can be quickly transformed into a sauce, thus speeding up the cooking process.
On the other hand, fresh tomatoes, particularly in their peak season, generally offer brighter flavors. However, they may require more preparation, such as peeling and seeding. The decision really hinges on the cook's ingredient availability and desired flavor profile.
Cheeses: The Essential Components
Cheese is arguably the star of any Parmigiana, lending creaminess and flavor:
Mozzarella
Mozzarella, especially when freshly made, is creamy and melts superbly, creating that gooey, satisfying texture in every layer. Its flavor is mild but contributes a lovely stretch, something to look forward to when digging into your dish. Fresh mozzarella can be a bit more labor-intensive to prepare, as it holds more water than its shredded counterpart. Choosing the right type for the cooking method can prevent the dish from becoming soggy.
Parmesan
Parmesan adds a sharp bite that counterbalances the mellowness of mozzarella. Grated or shaved, this hard cheese can be sprinkled liberally on top to achieve a golden-brown crust during baking. Its complex flavor enhances the dish's depth.
However, this cheese can overpower the subtler flavors. A careful balance in portions is crucial.
Alternative Cheeses
For those looking to switch things up, alternatives like Taleggio or ricotta can offer unique flavors and textures. Taleggio brings a stronger taste and a bit more creaminess, while ricotta provides lightness. Both options can work in tandem with mozzarella to create a distinctive version of the classic dish.
Exploring alternative cheeses might not be traditional, but these can cater to personal preferences, enhancing rather than overshadowing the main components.
Herbs and Seasoning
The final touch to elevate this dish lies in the right herbs and seasoning:
Basil
Basil's floral and slightly sweet aroma lifts the dish, enrichening the flavor. Fresh basil leaves sprinkled on top before serving can add freshness and a dash of color. It's best used fresh, as dried basil lacks the complex profile.
Oregano
This herb stands out for its earthy, warm taste. Regularly associated with Italian dishes, it pairs beautifully with the savory elements. However, it can potentially overshadow other flavors, so moderation is key.
Salt and Pepper
These simple, yet powerful ingredients can make or break a dish. They not only enhance the flavors of aubergines and cheeses but also balance the acidity from the tomatoes. A sprinkle of each during various cooking phases helps to create a coherence in taste.
In summary, by paying attention to each ingredient's characteristics and the role they play, the home cook can prepare an authentic and satisfying Aubergine Parmigiana. The right selections transform an already delightful recipe into a remarkable gastronomic experience.
Preparatory Steps
In any cooking journey, preparatory steps are not just mere formalities; they lay the groundwork for how well the dish will turn out. In the case of Aubergine Parmigiana, these steps are critical for maximizing flavor and ensuring the proper texture. Skipping them—like a musician neglecting a warm-up before a performance—can result in a less-than-stellar end product.
The art of preparing ingredients carefully can also help streamline the cooking process, making it smoother and more efficient. It’s all about setting up before diving in. When everything is prepped ahead, you're not running around like a chicken with its head cut off at the last minute.
Slicing and Salting the Aubergine
Getting the aubergine sliced right is key to its role in our dish. Slice it in rounds about half an inch thick. This thickness allows it to cook evenly without becoming mushy—a fine line to tread. Salting is equally important. It helps draw out excess moisture, making the aubergine less bitter and more flavorful. You don’t want a soggy bottom on your parmigiana, do you?
Lay the slices on a clean kitchen towel or paper towels, sprinkle salt generously, and let them sit for about 30 minutes. This process can sometimes seem tedious, but trust me, it pays off big time. After this, rinse the salt off, pat them dry, and you're ready for the next step.
Preparing Tomato Sauce
Cooking Techniques
When it comes to tomato sauce, how you cook it can make all the difference. We're not just tossing 'n' simmering here; there are techniques involved. For a rich and robust flavor, start by heating some olive oil in a pan. Toss in chopped onions and garlic, allowing them to soften and turn slightly golden. This soffritto works as a flavor base, almost like the backbone of your dish. From here, add crushed tomatoes, perhaps a tin of San Marzano tomatoes for an authentic taste. Simmering the sauce helps the flavors meld together, creating a cohesive layer that will enhance the overall dish. Slow cooking allows the ingredients to marry well, resulting in a deeper, more complex flavor profile.
Flavor Enhancements
To elevate the sauce further, consider adding fresh basil and a pinch of sugar to balance the acidity of the tomatoes. Every chef has their secret, and it may even be a splash of balsamic vinegar or some red wine. These little touches can brighten the flavors and bring everything together in a harmonious blend. While some may shy away from experimenting, adding herbs not only increases the dish's aroma but also makes it visually appealing. However, be mindful of the balance; you want the sauce to complement the dish, not overpower it.
Assembling Ingredients for Cooking
Now that the prep is done, it’s time to gather everything together. This is where you line up all your heavy-hitters: the sliced and salted aubergine, your rich tomato sauce, and the cheeses—mozzarella and Parmesan, of course. Having everything ready to go not only makes the cooking process more enjoyable but also ensures that you won’t forget that all-important ingredient.
Arranging these ingredients can actually be an art in itself. Lay out everything in small bowls, making it easy to reach. This is your cooking stage, and every chef knows that a tidy workspace is a happy workspace. With everything in order, you’re just about ready to dive into the heart of making the Aubergine Parmigiana.
Cooking Methods
Understanding cooking methods is pivotal in creating an authentic Aubergine Parmigiana. The techniques employed can significantly alter the dish's outcome, affecting texture, flavor, and overall presentation. Cooking methods often divide into traditional and alternative styles. Each has its distinct merits, and knowing how to effectively wield these methods brings the dish to life in the kitchen.
Traditional Baking Techniques
Traditional baking remains a popular choice for preparing Aubergine Parmigiana. It gives the dish a homely warmth that appeals to many. The method involves layering the aubergine, sauce, and cheese in a baking dish and allowing the ingredients to meld together in the oven. The slow cooking allows flavors to develop, ensuring every bite is juicy and rich.
One of the key advantages of baking is the making of a slight crust on top, which is often revered by fans of this dish. It helps to seal in moisture that keeps the aubergines tender while contributing a bit of crunch. Control over temperature is critical here; often, a balance between cooking long enough to blend flavors and not overcooking is sought.
Alternative Cooking Methods
With the rise of various culinary preferences, alternative cooking methods have gained popularity for preparing Aubergine Parmigiana. The choice of method can cater to different tastes and make the dish adaptable to diverse gatherings.
Frying
Frying introduces a crispy layer on the eggplant slices that many find attractive. This method entails dipping the sliced aubergine in flour or breadcrumbs and frying until golden. The key characteristic of frying is its ability to add texture. Crisping the surface enhances the overall mouthfeel, providing a delightful contrast to the creaminess of the cheese beneath.
However, it’s important to note that frying infuses the aubergines with oil, which can alter the flavor profile. Some may appreciate this added richness; others might find it overly greasy. Moreover, frying calls for added attention, as it's easy to end up with unevenly cooked pieces if one is not careful.
Grilling
Grilling offers another twist to cooking Aubergine Parmigiana, imparting a smoky aroma that can elevate this classic dish. This method involves charring the aubergine outside before stacking it into the layers. The significant aspect of grilling is the introduction of a lovely char, which brings a depth of flavor to each layer of the dish. The slight caramelization that occurs can bring out hidden tastes within the aubergine itself.
Grilling, however, has its quirks. The challenge lies in ensuring that the aubergines don’t become too dry during the cooking process. Grilled slices may require slightly more attention or a light brushing of olive oil to maintain moisture. This method’s unique flavor often draws cooks looking to put a personal spin on the dish.
Closure
Choosing the right cooking method for Aubergine Parmigiana can significantly alter its final presentation and flavor. Whether opting for traditional baking or exploring alternatives like frying or grilling, each method contributes uniquely to this incredible dish. The selection eventually reflects personal taste preferences and desired outcomes. Depending on the occasion and your audience, tailoring the technique can ensure that everyone keeps clamoring for seconds.
Layering the Dish
Layering is the heart and soul of any Aubergine Parmigiana, and how you do it can make or break the dish. It's not just about throwing ingredients haphazardly into a baking dish but rather fostering a harmonious balance of flavors and textures. When you layer correctly, each bite should offer a delightful contrast—creamy cheese, tangy tomato, and rich, smoky aubergine.
Creating the Optimal Layer Structure
To create that mouthwatering effect, start with the bottom layer. A thin smear of your tomato sauce lays the groundwork. This keeps the aubergines from sticking and adds an initial burst of flavor. Next, arrange slices of salted and drained aubergine. Remember, they should lay flat, not piled up like a mountain!
General steps for optimal layering:
- Start with sauce: This creates a moist base.
- Add aubergine slices: They should overlap slightly, like shingles on a roof.
- Layer cheese: Mozzarella and Parmesan work wonders.
- Repeat: Follow the same method until you reach the top of the dish.
With each layer, tweak your salt and pepper to awaken the flavors at each stage. If there’s too much salt in one layer, it can overpower the others. These subtle adjustments can elevate your masterpiece.
Cheese Distribution
Cheese is the crowning glory of Aubergine Parmigiana. Proper distribution accentuates each layer and ensures the richness is balanced throughout. As you sprinkle mozzarella and Parmesan, think of a painter dabbing white and yellow on a canvas. You want an even coating but also texture.
Tips for cheese distribution:
- Mozzarella First: Cover each aubergine layer with mozzarella to melt beautifully. Use fresh mozzarella for chewiness.
- Parmesan on Top: A generous sprinkle of Parmesan provides a crispy, golden finish when baked.
- Don’t Skip the Edges: It's easy to forget the edges, but a little cheese on the sides will crisp up, creating an enticing contrast.
To sum it up, layering is not just an aesthetic endeavor, but one that ensures each forkful of aubergine Parmigiana is a symphony of tastes and textures. The goal is to create a dish that’s as pleasing to the palate as to the eye. So take your time and enjoy the process—it’s an art form in itself.
Final Bake and Presentation
When it comes to Aubergine Parmigiana, the final bake and presentation serve as the crescendo in an orchestral performance. This step not only solidifies the layered ingredients but also creates a harmony of flavors that transforms each element into something greater than the sum of its parts. Thus, getting the baking time and temperature right is non-negotiable; it greatly influences not just the texture but also the overall appeal of the dish.
Determining Baking Time and Temperature
Baking Aubergine Parmigiana isn't just about following a set time but rather involves a bit of intuition. Generally, a temperature of around 375°F (190°C) does the trick. Baking at this temperature ensures that everything melds beautifully together without risking either sogginess or dryness. The baking time usually falls between 30 to 45 minutes.
- Start checking at the 30-minute mark. If the cheese has bubbled and turned a golden brown, you’re probably in the clear. The dish should be heated through and the aubergines tender, not mushy.
- To achieve that attractive top, consider broiling for the final few minutes.
Make sure to keep an eye on the color. Even small variations can significantly affect how appetizing it looks on the table. A properly baked Aubergine Parmigiana offers a crust that is crisp, yet gives way to layers of soft goodness.
Serving Suggestions
Once your Aubergine Parmigiana has reached its pinnacle of perfection, it's essential to consider how it will be served. The way you present this dish can whisk it from a simple family meal to an impressive culinary offering.
Complementary Sides
Adding complementary sides to your meal serves to balance flavors and enrich the dining experience. Consider a simple, arugula salad tossed in lemon vinaigrette. This not only cuts through the richness of the Parmigiana but also adds a fresh, peppery note that livens the palate.
- Why it’s a good choice: Arugula packs a punch with its strong flavor, which pairs nicely with the milder profile of the parmigiana.
- Advantages: The vibrant green contrasts beautifully with the deep hues of the aubergine, elevating the plate's overall visual appeal.
- Unique Feature: This salad can be prepared in a snap, making it an easy addition on a busy weeknight.
Wine Pairings
Selecting the right wine can elevate the experience of enjoying your Aubergine Parmigiana tremendously. Opt for a robust red like Chianti or a Sangiovese. These wines bring a fruity yet acidic profile that complements the tomatoes without overpowering the dish.
- Why it’s beneficial: A good wine balances the flavors, making each bite of the aubergine and cheese all the more enjoyable.
- Advantage: The earthy notes of the wine create a beautiful resonance with the herbs and natural sweetness of the aubergines.
- Unique Feature: These wines also have the body and acidity to cut through the dish’s comforting richness, enhancing the overall flavor experience.
The right pairing invites conversation and transforms a good meal into a memorable feast.
Storing and Reheating Aubergine Parmigiana
When it comes to Aubergine Parmigiana, preserving its fantastic flavors and layers is crucial. Not only does proper storing extend the dish's lifespan, but it also allows for enjoyable meals over several days. Knowing how to keep it fresh and reheat it effectively is a chef’s secret weapon. Here, we'll dig into the best practices for refrigeration and reheating this Italian classic.
Refrigeration Best Practices
To keep your Aubergine Parmigiana in its prime, the initial storage is key. Here are some guidelines to follow:
- Cool It Down: Allow the dish to cool to room temperature before placing it in the fridge. If you stash it away while it's still hot, condensation can form, making it soggy.
- Use Airtight Containers: A good, tight seal is essential. Choose glass or plastic containers that are specifically designed for food storage. They help in maintaining moisture and keeping the refrigerator smells out.
- Separate Portions: If you've made a large batch, consider dividing it into smaller portions. This way, you can easily reheat just the right amount without repeatedly exposing the entire dish to air and moisture.
- Labeling: While this might seem trivial, writing the date on the container helps you keep track of how long it’s been stored. Ideally, try to consume it within three to four days for optimal taste and texture.
Ideal Reheating Methods
Reheating Aubergine Parmigiana can be tricky, but with the right approach, it can taste as divine as the first serve. Here’s how to go about it:
- Oven Reheating: This is perhaps the most effective method. Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C). Place the Parmigiana in an oven-safe dish, cover it with aluminum foil to prevent drying out, and heat it for about 20-30 minutes. Remove the foil for the last 5-10 minutes to crisp up the top if you like a golden finish.
- Microwave: For a quick option, the microwave is a lifesaver. Place a serving on a microwave-safe plate and cover it with a microwave cover or a damp paper towel to keep moisture in. Heat on medium power in one-minute intervals until warmed through.
- Skillet Method: If you want to also regain some of the crispiness from the original bake, try a skillet. Add a splash of water to the pan, place a lid on it, and let the steam work its magic while the bottom crisps up. This method provides a delightful texture but demands a little attention to avoid burning.
"The oven breathes life back into Aubergine Parmigiana, keeping it moist while allowing the cheese to melt just right."
When it comes to savoring your Aubergine Parmigiana after the initial feast, mastering the storage and reheating process is essential. These steps will not only retain its delightful flavors but also ensure that each bite continues to be a satisfying experience.
Variations of Aubergine Parmigiana
Exploring the different variations of Aubergine Parmigiana not only enriches the cooking experience but also unveils the cultural and regional nuances that elevate this classic dish. As with many traditional recipes, Aubergine Parmigiana has evolved over time, with various interpretations emerging from diverse regions. Understanding these variations can be beneficial for those looking to expand their culinary repertoire and embrace ingredients that resonate with their local palate or dietary needs.
Regional Variants
In Italy, the beauty of cuisine lies in its diversity. Each region takes pride in its own twist on Aubergine Parmigiana, influenced by local ingredients and culinary traditions.
- Sicilian Style: Often featuring a layer of fried potatoes or even capers, this version introduces a delightful crunch and a burst of Mediterranean flavors. The depth of flavor in the sauce is typically enhanced with local herbs.
- Neapolitan Variant: This style embraces a more generous tomato sauce, often with a hint of sweetness from added sugar or caramelized onions. It's a delightful take that showcases Neapolitan pride in fresh, flavorful ingredients.
- Calabrian Influence: Known for its bold flavors, this variation may include spicy elements, such as crushed red pepper flakes. The cheese might also vary, often incorporating a sharp local cheese that gives it a distinct zip.
These variations show how the same dish can reflect the heart of where it is made. It invites you to taste a slice of Italian heritage through every bite.
Vegan Modifications
Embracing dietary changes or preferences need not mean sacrificing flavor. Vegan modifications to Aubergine Parmigiana smoothly accommodate those who choose to forgo animal products.
- Cheese Alternatives: Nutritional yeast mixed with cashew cream can serve as a fantastic substitute. The result provides a creamy texture and a hint of cheesiness reminiscent of dairy without the use of animal products.
- More Vegetables: Adding layers of grilled zucchini or bell peppers not only enhances nutritional value but also adds vibrant color and flavors. This makes for a visually appealing and wholesome dish.
- Sauce Adjustments: Some may prefer to make the tomato sauce extra hearty by adding lentils or chickpeas, creating a protein-rich meal. Moreover, spices can be adjusted, and fresh herbs can shine as key flavor components, bringing the dish to life without any compromise.
Those seeking alternatives can find delight in crafting their own Aubergine Parmigiana, tailored to their lifestyle choices while maintaining the essence of this beloved dish.
"Every variation tells a story of people, places, and plates, reminding us that cuisine is much more than just sustenance—notably is a tapestry of traditions."
Finding the perfect iteration of Aubergine Parmigiana may seem daunting, but it's an opportunity to engage with the dish in exciting new ways.
The End
In reflecting upon the journey we've taken through the world of Aubergine Parmigiana, it's vital to underscore the importance of this dish not only in the culinary arena but also in our homes and hearts. Aubergine Parmigiana is more than mere ingredients layered together; it's a culinary tradition that speaks to the roots of Italian comfort food. This dish encapsulates warmth, love, and the joy of sharing meals with family and friends.
Recap of the Dish's Significance
Here’s why Aubergine Parmigiana holds a special place in many kitchens:
- Cultural Heritage: It reflects Italy's rich cultural heritage, showcasing a blend of simple yet delectable ingredients turned into a masterpiece, reminding us of the essential values of home cooking and gathering.
- Versatility: What makes this dish even more delightful is its versatility. Adapt it to your taste or dietary preferences, and it transforms into your very own culinary creation.
- Flavor Profile: The amalgamation of rich tomato sauce, creamy cheeses, and tender aubergines delivers a flavor that satisfies both basic cravings and sophisticated palates. Every bite resonates with nostalgia, often conjuring fond memories of family dinners.
In sum, comprehension of its significance enhances our appreciation while cooking and savoring this dish.
Encouragement for Culinary Exploration
As we conclude our exploration of Aubergine Parmigiana, I encourage you, the home cook, to not just replicate the recipe but to take the leap into experimentation. Step out of the norm!
- Try new variations. Consider incorporating seasonal vegetables or experimenting with different cheeses, fostering an exploration of taste that is uniquely yours.
- Pair with new wines or sides. Mixing and matching can lead to exciting dining experiences that enhance the dish, perhaps accompanied by a crisp salad or some rustic bread.
- Involve others. Cooking can be a communal experience. Collaborate with family members, or invite friends over to share the fun of preparing this dish together.
In doing so, you not only hone your culinary skills but also create memorable shared experiences. Cooking should be as much about connection as it is about sustenance. Remember, every time you step into the kitchen, you're not just preparing a meal; you're crafting a moment, an opportunity to express love through food.
"A recipe is a story that ends with a meal. So, tell your story!"
With every Aubergine Parmigiana you make, add your unique chapter to this timeless tale of flavor, culture, and connection.
