Mastering the Art of Red Pepper Soup: A Comprehensive Guide

Vibrant red bell peppers at a farmers market

Intro

Red pepper soup is much more than just a simple dish; it's an experience that warms the soul and tantalizes the palate. This dish, with its vibrant color and rich flavor, is perfect for any occasion, whether it's a cozy dinner on a chilly evening or an elegant starter for a special meal. Understanding the intricacies involved in creating a truly exceptional red pepper soup can transform your culinary skills and delight those you serve.

In this guide, we will walk you through the various aspects needed to master this dish—from selecting top-notch ingredients to presenting your final creation with flair. By the end, you'll not only know the tried-and-true methods but also have the confidence to experiment and innovate with your personal touch. Let's get started by laying the groundwork with the essentials that every cook needs to know.

Ingredients:

Before diving into the cooking steps, it’s crucial to gather the right ingredients. Here’s a detailed list of what you’ll need to whip up an outstanding pot of red pepper soup:

Red bell peppers: 4 large (about 2 pounds), roasted and peeled
Onion: 1 medium, diced
Garlic: 3 cloves, minced
Carrot: 1 medium, diced
Vegetable broth: 4 cups (use low-sodium for better control of seasoning)
Olive oil: 2 tablespoons
Salt: to taste
Black pepper: to taste
Cayenne pepper: a pinch (optional for extra heat)
Fresh basil: for garnish
Heavy cream: for drizzling (optional)

With these ingredients in hand, you’re on your way to creating a delightful combination of flavors.

Preparation Steps:

Now that we have our ingredients sorted, let’s delve into the preparation process. Get ready to chop, roast, and blend your way to a flavorful masterpiece.

Roasting the Peppers:
Preheat your oven to 450°F (232°C). Place the red bell peppers on a baking sheet. Lightly oil them and roast for about 30-35 minutes until the skins crackle and char. Once roasted, cover the peppers with a clean kitchen towel for about 10 minutes. This steam will help in peeling off the skins more easily later.
Sautéing the Vegetables:
In a large pot, heat the olive oil over medium heat. Add the diced onion and carrot, cooking until soft and translucent, roughly 5-7 minutes. Stir in the minced garlic, cooking for an additional minute until fragrant.
Peeling the Peppers:
Once cooled, peel the roasted peppers and remove the seeds. Chop them into chunks, ready to be added to the pot.

Technical Aspects:

Having the right temperature and timing plays a critical role in making a smooth and flavorful soup. Here's what you need to pay attention to:

Temperature Settings:
Maintain medium heat while sautéing to prevent burning the ingredients. For simmering the soup, a lower setting ensures gradual cooking and helps the flavors meld without overcooking the vegetables.
Timing Specifics:
Each step has its ideal timing. The roasting of the peppers should roughly take 30-35 minutes, while the sautéing of the vegetables is around 6-8 minutes. Lastly, simmer for about 20-25 minutes once all the components are in the pot.

Cooking Process:

Let’s bring it all together! Here’s a step-by-step overview of how to cook the soup:

Combine the Ingredients:
Add the chopped roasted red peppers to the sautéed mixture in the pot. Stir well and pour in the vegetable broth.
Simmer the Soup:
Raise the temperature slightly to bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce to a gentle simmer. Cover the pot and let it cook for about 20-25 minutes, allowing the flavors to infuse.
Blend for Smoothness:
Remove from heat. Using an immersion blender, purée the soup until smooth. Alternatively, carefully transfer batches into a countertop blender.
Final Adjustments:
Season with salt, black pepper, and cayenne if desired. Stir well, and taste for freshness, adjusting as needed.

Troubleshooting Tips:

Even seasoned home cooks face hiccups in the kitchen. Here are a few tips to navigate common blunders:

If the soup is too thick, add a bit more vegetable broth to achieve your desired consistency.
Adjust the seasoning gradually—it's always easier to add than to subtract. Taste as you go!
If the flavor is too mild, don't hesitate to introduce a splash of vinegar or lemon juice to brighten it up.

"Cooking is like love. It should be entered into with abandon or not at all."
— Harriet Van Horne

Stay tuned as we explore garnishing options and perfect pairings that will elevate your red pepper soup to a whole new level.

Understanding Red Pepper Soup

Red pepper soup is more than just a culinary delight; it is an experience steeped in history and culture. This vibrant dish encapsulates the essence of both familiarity and innovation in cooking. Understanding red pepper soup is crucial for anyone looking to create it. It allows for a deeper appreciation of its taste, nutritional value, and the artistry behind its preparation. Knowing the basics, such as the proper selection of ingredients and preparation techniques, can transform this dish into a crowd favorite.

When making red pepper soup, one must consider the balance of flavors. The choice of red peppers can make or break the dish. Properly understanding how to mix them with other ingredients ensures the soup is flavorful without overwhelming the palate. Furthermore, being aware of the historical context adds layers of meaning. It forms a connection to the cultures and traditions that have shaped the dish over centuries.

Historical Context

Diving into the historical context of red pepper soup reveals a rich tapestry of culinary evolution. Red peppers, originating from the Americas, found their way across the globe after the Columbian Exchange. Various cultures adopted these vibrant peppers, incorporating them into their traditional dishes. For instance, in Spain, roasted red peppers often star in gazpacho, while in Eastern Europe, similar recipes highlight them amidst a hearty vegetable medley.

The journey of red pepper soup itself can be traced back to regions where both peppers and simple broths were staples. In many households, especially in Mediterranean countries, cooking evolved from necessity. Soups served as a means to utilize available ingredients while providing nourishment. Slowly, over time, red pepper soup became a canvas, allowing chefs to experiment and create varying interpretations that reflect their heritage.

Cultural Variations

Cultural variations of red pepper soup abound, showcasing the adaptability of this humble dish. In Italy, for example, you'll find a creamy version that features blending red peppers with tomatoes and heavy cream. It’s often served with a drizzle of olive oil and fresh basil, capturing the essence of Italian cuisine. Meanwhile, in Mexico, you might encounter a spicier rendition that incorporates chipotle peppers, adding depth and heat.

In Asian cuisines, red pepper soup can take on a completely different character. It might be infused with ginger, garlic, and coconut milk, reflecting the flavors common in Thai cooking. Each of these variations underscores how red pepper soup can transcend borders, changing not only in recipes but also in ways it is enjoyed across meals.

"Good soup is not a matter of ingredients alone; it is an art forged in the fires of history and culture."

From hearty versions that nourish families in winter months to light variations perfect for warm weather, understanding these cultural differences enhances your cooking experience. You not only recreate a dish but also pay homage to its diverse origins, connecting yourself to a larger culinary narrative. With this grounding, one can move forward to explore the components that make red pepper soup truly exceptional.

Key Ingredients

Colorful array of organic spices in glass jars

In mastering red pepper soup, the key ingredients play a pivotal role. Each element contributes to the soup's character, flavor, and texture. The peppers, being the star of the show, set the stage for a root of taste that is nothing short of vibrant. The supporting vegetables do not merely fill space but amplify the flavors, while spices and seasonings tie it all together, creating a harmonious blend that transcends basic ingredients. In essence, understanding these components makes all the difference between a mediocre and a splendid soup.

Selection of Peppers

When it comes to selecting peppers, one must consider the variety that will suit one's palate and desired flavor profile. Bell peppers offer a sweet and mild foundation, but if you’re seeking a touch of spice, varieties like red Fresno or poblano can work wonders. The richness of flavors can be enhanced further with charred or smoky notes by opting for roasted red peppers.

While picking peppers, look for those that are firm and glossy. A dull skin may suggest they are past their prime. Think about the color too; the deeper the hue, the riper and more flavorful they tend to be. A blend of peppers can diversify the taste, bringing uniqueness to each pot of soup.

Supporting Vegetables

Supporting vegetables are the unsung heroes of red pepper soup. Ingredients such as onions and garlic create a fragrant base, while carrots and celery add both sweetness and depth. These vegetables should be finely chopped to ensure they melt into the soup, releasing their natural sugars and flavors during cooking.

Moreover, consider adding potatoes for creaminess or zucchini for a subtle texture. When selecting these vegetables, freshness is key, as they can significantly impact the overall taste. A diverse medley offers varied nutrients and a natural synergy, giving the soup a well-rounded profile that invites every taste bud to engage.

"Quality over quantity. Get the best ingredients and let them shine!"

Spices and Seasonings

The charm of red pepper soup is in the spices and seasonings. While the primary flavors come from the peppers themselves, seasonings such as cumin, paprika, or even curry powder can elevate the dish to new heights. The key is to balance the seasonings without overpowering the innate properties of the peppers.

A touch of salt during cooking enhances the natural sweetness of the vegetables, while fresh herbs like basil, parsley, or cilantro sprinkled at the end provides a burst of unexpected flavor. Don’t forget about black pepper or a hint of red chili flakes—these can add a delightful kick! Always adjust seasoning throughout the cooking process, tasting as you go, to avoid surprises that may throw off the entire dish.

By carefully selecting your peppers, supporting vegetables, and spices, you create a foundation of success for your red pepper soup. Each ingredient plays its part in crafting a bowl that is not only comforting but also enlivening, ensuring every spoonful is extraordinary.

Preparation Techniques

The art of crafting red pepper soup begins well before the first spoonful touches the taste buds. Preparation techniques form the backbone of a flavorsome soup, transforming simple ingredients into a harmonious blend of taste and texture. Mastering these techniques not only leads to a meal that's pleasing to the palate but also enhances the nutritional value. Each method brings something unique to the table, allowing the vibrant essence of red peppers to shine through.

Roasting the Peppers

Roasting red peppers is a game-changer in soup making. This process caramelizes the natural sugars, deepening the flavor and adding a smoky undertone that is simply irresistible. Here’s how to go about it:

Choosing the Right Peppers: Aim for ones that are firm and have a glossy surface. They should be heavy for their size, indicating ripeness.
Roasting Options: You can use an oven, grill, or even a stovetop flame. Each method offers distinct charred notes. An oven at 400°F (204°C) works magic, taking about 30 minutes.
Peeling and Cleaning: Once roasted, let them cool and gently peel the skin, which should come off easily. Remove the seeds and stems for a smooth texture.

Pro tip: Don't discard the skin! You can blend it into the soup for added depth.

Sautéing Vegetables

Sautéing is an effective way to build layers of flavor. It serves as the groundwork upon which the soup's final taste will be built. A few pivotal components deserve close attention:

Selecting Vegetables: Commonly, onions and garlic are the dynamic duo here, but feel free to throw in other favorites like carrots or celery. Each vegetable adds its own charm to the flavor profile.
Heat Control: Using medium heat helps to soften vegetables without burning them. Around five to seven minutes should do the trick until they become translucent and fragrant.
Adding Spices Early: Incorporate your desired spices, such as cumin or paprika, during this stage. This allows them to toast slightly, enhancing their flavors.

Moving forward, sautéing right sets the stage for a more satisfying and savory soup.

Blending Methods

Blending is where the magic happens. It turns all those beautiful, colorful ingredients into a cohesive soup. The right method significantly influences the final outcome:

Choose Your Tools: An immersion blender offers convenience and is perfect for those wanting to blend directly in the pot. Alternatively, a traditional blender can yield an ultra-smooth finish.
Blending in Batches: If going the traditional route, allow the soup to cool slightly before blending hot mixtures. Hot liquids can expand, causing a messy explosion. Use caution and don’t overload the blender.
Adjust Consistency: Post-blending, feel free to adjust the thickness. If the soup seems too thick, adding some vegetable stock or water can help reach the perfect consistency.

"A well-blended soup feels like a warm hug on a cold day."

The methods discussed here highlight the importance of proper preparation techniques in the quest for the ultimate red pepper soup. These steps contribute not just to taste but also to the overall experience of enjoying a dish steeped in tradition and essence.

Building Flavors

Creating a remarkable red pepper soup isn't merely about blending ingredients; it's fundamentally about building flavors in a cohesive manner. This step is where magic seems to happen, turning simple components into an orchestra of tastes. Understanding how to layer and balance flavors can elevate your soup from mundane to memorable.

When you build flavors, you're not just throwing everything into a pot. Instead, consider each ingredient's role and how they interact with one another. One of the notable joys of cooking is exploring the synergy between various components; imagine the pepper's sweetness against a backdrop of tart tomatoes or the warmth of cumin. The following sections focus on essential techniques in building flavors, which contribute immensely to the depth and richness of red pepper soup.

Layering Techniques

Layering is akin to composing a symphony; it requires each element to come in at the right time and play its part. Start with a base, often consisting of aromatics like onions, garlic, or leeks. Sauté these slowly to coax out their natural sugars. This step establishes a foundation to which other flavors can attach.

After the aromatics, consider adding roasted red peppers. The roasting process caramelizes the sugars in the peppers, providing a smoky and slightly sweet flavor. When you introduce them to your aromatic base, the interplay creates a complex flavor profile, rich and inviting.

The key to effective layering is to avoid rapid cooking on high heat, which can lead to burnt flavors rather than developed ones. Patience is vital; allow each component to shine before introducing the next.

Balancing Acidity and Sweetness

Balancing flavors is another crucial aspect, particularly the marriage of acidity and sweetness. The natural sweetness of the peppers needs a counterpoint; otherwise, it can create a one-dimensional taste. While red peppers often provide that sweetness, a touch of acidity from elements like lemon juice or a splash of vinegar can brighten the overall profile.

Consider also incorporating tomatoes, which inherently carry acidity. This is where it gets interesting—aim for just the right balance by tasting frequently. If the soup seems too sweet, squeeze a bit of lemon juice in and give it a stir. Too much acidity can also throw things off, so aim for harmony, adjusting bit by bit.

Here's a small tip: keep a small spoon handy for tasting throughout the process. Your palate will be your best guide.

Seasoning Throughout Cooking

Lastly, the act of seasoning throughout the cooking journey is critical for infusing depth into your soup. Salt, for instance, isn't just a finishing touch; it functions as a flavor enhancer, bringing out the nuances in all other ingredients.

Begin by salting your aromatics, which helps release their moisture and intensifies their flavors. As each layer builds, don’t forget to adjust seasoning accordingly. Resist the temptation to add a large amount of salt at once; instead, allow the flavors to develop naturally.

Incorporate your spices gradually. Start with a pinch of cumin or paprika when introducing the roasted peppers. This approach enhances the interplay of flavors, allowing them to mingle and grow richer.

The beauty of red pepper soup lies in its adaptability. As you go along, don't hesitate to think outside the box and tweak the seasoning to match your palate.

By focusing on these elements—layering, balancing, and consistent seasoning—you’ll be well on your way to mastering the flavors that define a hearty and enticing red pepper soup.

Enhancements and Variations

Enhancements and variations in red pepper soup play an essential role in both personalizing the dish and elevating its overall quality. By tweaking the base recipe, you create opportunities to cater to various taste preferences while also introducing unique flavors. Think about your kitchen as a canvas; every additional ingredient or technique adds a stroke of color that results in a masterpiece.

Starting with creamy enhancements, many home cooks favor the addition of dairy or dairy substitutes to enrich the soup's texture. This not only heightens the overall flavor but also makes it more appealing to those who enjoy a velvety mouthfeel. There’s something soothing about a creamy soup that brings a sense of comfort, especially on a chilly day.

Adding protein is another delightful option. Not only does it contribute to a heartier dish, but it also makes the soup more nutritionally balanced. For instance, shredded chicken or chickpeas can seamlessly blend into the soup, transforming it into a more filling meal. This is particularly useful for families or gatherings where a satisfying dish can unite everyone.

Herbs serve as the finishing touch. A sprinkle of fresh cilantro or basil can brighten the flavors, creating a fresh contrast to the rich base. The beauty of herbs lies in their ability to evoke seasonal notes, allowing your dish to resonate with the time of year.

In summary, enhancements and variations open the door to creativity. By experimenting with different textures and layers of flavor, you not only personalize your red pepper soup but also ensure that it never feels stale or repetitive. Each bowl can become a surprise, a flavor journey that reflects your tastes and those of your loved ones.

Making it Creamy

Adding cream or a plant-based alternative can drastically change the texture of your soup. You have options, such as:

Heavy cream – for an indulgent, lush mouthfeel
Coconut milk – to introduce a subtle sweetness and tropical essence
Silken tofu – for a dairy-free option that blends in seamlessly into your base

When introducing dairy, it’s best to temper it first by lowering the heat and slowly whisking it in. This prevents curdling and keeps your soup looking inviting.

Adding Protein Options

Consider dispersing proteins throughout your soup for added heartiness.

Chicken: A popular choice, shredded or diced, provides both texture and substance.
Beans: Cannellini or black beans add fiber and nutrition while complementing the robust flavors of red peppers.
Lentils: A fantastic addition that gives a boost of protein while also infusing the soup with earthiness.

Adding protein is not just about nutrition; it also enhances the satisfaction level. No one leaves the table feeling deprived when they enjoy a hearty bowl of red pepper soup loaded with their favorite protein!

Herbs for Freshness

Herbs can elevate your dish from ordinary to extraordinary. They add brightness and a pop of flavor that can make the soup sing. Consider these fresh herbs:

Basil: Its sweet, aromatic nature pairs well with the tangy notes of red peppers.
Cilantro: Brings a sharpness that can cut through the richness resulting from cream or oils.
Chives: When finely chopped, they add mild oniony notes without overwhelming the palate.

When adding herbs, consider timing; some, like basil, should be added at the end of cooking to preserve their flavor, while others, like thyme, can benefit from longer cooking times to release their aroma.

Overall, the enhancements and variations factor into creating an iconic red pepper soup tailored to your taste and texture preferences. Remember to balance and harmonize these elements thoughtfully, and you will be rewarded with a comforting masterpiece.

Presentation Techniques

The way a dish is presented can make all the difference in how it is perceived and enjoyed. Presentation techniques are not just about aesthetics, but they also play a significant role in enhancing the overall dining experience. When it comes to red pepper soup, the right presentation can transform this simple dish into a gourmet experience, awakening the senses before the first spoonful is even tasted.

Key benefits of thoughtful presentation include stimulating appetite, creating an inviting atmosphere, and showcasing the effort put into crafting the dish. For a housewife preparing a meal, understanding how to present can elevate the everyday dinner routine into something special. Here are some essential aspects to consider when it comes to effectively presenting red pepper soup:

Blender filled with smooth red pepper soup

Choosing the Right Bowl

Selecting the appropriate bowl is crucial for serving red pepper soup. The bowl's depth and shape can impact how the soup is perceived. A deep bowl might evoke a feeling of elegance, while a rustic, wider bowl can create a cozy, homey vibe. When deciding, consider the color and texture of the bowl itself:

Color: Brightly colored bowls can contrast beautifully with the vivid red of the soup, creating a striking visual effect. For instance, serving red pepper soup in a white bowl enhances its color and highlights the dish's vibrancy.
Texture: A matte finish can add sophistication compared to a shiny finish that might reflect light and distract from the soup.

Ultimately, selecting the bowl can set the stage for the entire presentation.

Garnishing Ideas

Garnishes are like a cherry on top of a sundae; they can make a significant difference in the final presentation. Here are a few fresh garnishing ideas to elevate your red pepper soup:

Fresh Herbs: A sprinkle of basil or parsley adds not only freshness but a pop of green that contrasts nicely against the red soup.
Cream Swirl: A drizzle of cream or crème fraîche can create lovely patterns that catch the eye and add richness in flavor.
Toasted Seeds: A handful of toasted pumpkin seeds or nuts can introduce a delightful crunch that contrasts with the smoothness of the soup.
Chili Flakes or Paprika: For an extra kick and a dash of color, some finely chopped chili or a sprinkle of paprika can enhance both flavor and appearance.

These elements work together to create a multi-dimensional experience, pleasing not just the taste buds but the eyes as well.

Creating Visual Appeal

Visual appeal is about more than just how your dish looks on the plate; it's about creating an experience that feels and tastes luxurious. Here are some strategies for boosting the visual appeal of your red pepper soup:

Layering Ingredients: Consider layering the soup with varied textures, such as combining smooth soup at the base with crunchy toppings on top. This also adds an interesting element both visually and texturally.
Using Color Theory: Complementary colors can create a vibrant display. For instance, serving the soup with a side of crusty bread can contrast with the bright red while also enhancing the meal’s overall warmth.
Creating Shapes: Don't underestimate the power of form. You can use ring molds to plate a portion of soup alongside the garnishes for a neat and tidy look, or create a diagonal pour for a modern feel.

By paying attention to these details, you're not just making the dish visually appealing; you're also crafting an atmosphere where guests might feel special and enjoyed, truly highlighting the joy of cooking.

Pairing Suggestions

Pairing suggestions are akin to the cherry on top of a well-crafted cake. When it comes to red pepper soup, the right accompaniments can elevate the dish from merely satisfying to truly sensational. The choice of side dishes and beverages can enhance the overall flavor profile, making each spoonful a delightful experience. Here’s how to make the most of those pairings, ensuring that your red pepper soup is not just a meal, but a culinary adventure.

Complementary Side Dishes

Selecting the right side dishes can make or break the entire meal. They should work in harmony with the smoky and sweet notes of the red pepper soup, complementing rather than overpowering it.

Crusty Bread: A thick slice of rustic sourdough or a warm baguette is an excellent choice. Its texture provides a hearty contrast to the velvety smoothness of the soup, making it a favorite among many.
Green Salad: A simple mix of greens, such as arugula and spinach with a light vinaigrette, brings freshness. The acidity of the dressing helps balance the richness of the soup.
Stuffed Peppers: Pairing the soup with stuffed bell peppers can be a delightful way to create a theme around the dish—keeping the focus firmly on peppers.
Cheese Platter: A selection of cheeses, particularly tangy goat cheese or sharp cheddar, can add a layer of complexity and richness.

Any of these accompaniments can elevate your meal, transforming it into something memorable. Each adds uniqueness while allowing the soup to maintain its spotlight.

Beverage Pairings

Choosing the right beverage to accompany your red pepper soup can tilt the balance of flavors in your favor. Here are a few suggestions to consider:

White Wine: A crisp Sauvignon Blanc or a lightly oaked Chardonnay pairs wonderfully. The acidity in these wines can cut through the sweetness of the peppers, creating a verdant balance.
Sparkling Water: If you prefer a non-alcoholic option, sparkling water infused with lemon or cucumber adds a refreshing touch without overshadowing the soup’s flavors.
Ale or Lager: A light beer, like a pilsner, carries a subtle bitterness that can contrast nicely with the richness of the soup.
Herbal Tea: For something warm, an herbal tea like chamomile or peppermint can cleanse the palate between bites and provide a soothing end to the meal.

The art of pairing is about finding balance and enhancing flavor. Choosing the right side dishes and beverages can transform a simple bowl of red pepper soup into an unforgettable dining experience, ensuring that each component complements the other beautifully.

Cooking in Bulk

Cooking in bulk can be a game changer for anyone looking to serve savory red pepper soup to a larger crowd or to enjoy it over several days. The beauty of preparing a big batch lies not only in the sheer quantity of delicious soup but also in the time-saving benefits and the opportunity to explore variations without extra effort.

When making red pepper soup in larger quantities, a few aspects come to the forefront. Firstly, flavors develop beautifully over time. The longer the soup sits, the more the ingredients meld together. This is particularly true for herbs and spices, which take on a depth that's worth experiencing. Think about it—what's better than a flavor-packed soup that just gets tastier as it cools in your fridge?

Moreover, bulk cooking allows for increased efficiency. You scale up the chopping, roasting, and blending processes—this means fewer dishes and more soup for your spoon! Not to mention, it can be perfect for meal prepping, which makes life simple for busy weeknights.

However, there are a few important considerations to bear in mind:

Ingredient Ratios: When cooking in bulk, scaling ingredients correctly is crucial to maintaining the flavor balance. Too many peppers or too much spice can tilt the taste scale.
Pot Size: Use a pot that's suitable for larger quantities. A cramped pot may lead to uneven cooking or a mess.
Cooling and Storage: Proper cooling and storage techniques can prevent spoilage and maintain freshness. More on this in the storage techniques section.

In essence, cooking in bulk not only makes practical sense but also enhances the culinary experience of red pepper soup, providing richness and variety throughout the week.

Scaling Ingredients

When scaling your recipe for red pepper soup, precision is key. Begin by considering the number of servings you want. If a standard recipe serves four, and you wish to double it, you'll need to double each ingredient.

But don't stop there. It's wise to taste along the way. Remember, the same pepper intensity and herb freshness might not replicate perfectly at larger volumes, so adjustments may be necessary. The following tips can help:

Pepping Up the Proportions: If you love a specific flavor, like basil or garlic, don't hesitate to increase those ingredients slightly more than double.
Extra Liquid: You may need to incorporate a bit more broth or water to ensure the soup isn’t overly thick. Just add it slowly and keep tasting!

Here’s a basic idea of scaling:

For 4 servings: 4 red peppers, 1 liter of broth
For 8 servings: 8 red peppers, 2 liters of broth

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